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16 pages, 4998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Nanosized Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite on Cell Lines and Their Relevance to the Alveolar Augmentation Process

by Wojciech Zakrzewski, Maria Szymonowicz, Anna Nikodem, Agnieszka Rusak, Zbigniew Rybak, Katarzyna Szyszka, Dorota Diakowska, Benita Wiatrak, Rafal J. Wiglusz and Maciej Dobrzyński

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040125 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. Methods: The nHAp and nFAp nanosized materials were obtained using the microwave hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the tablets were prepared from these nanosized powders as further studied materials. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted on Balb/3T3 fibroblast cells and L929 cells. Fluoride ion release was tested at 3, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h periods. Results: Both materials presented viability levels above 70%, indicating a lack of cytotoxic potential. The amount of fluoride (F⁻) ions released and accumulated from nFAp was greatly higher than from nHAp. The release of F⁻ ions in both samples was the highest in the first 3 h of exposition. The accumulation of F⁻ ions reached the highest values in the deionized water. The most significant differences in the released or cumulated fluoride ions were observed between deionized water and lower 4.5 pH AS (artificial saliva) samples. Conclusions: Both nanosized hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite materials are biocompatible, and their in vitro examination showed promising results for their future in vivo application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanoparticles/Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications)

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14 pages, 3265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Purine Metabolism Pathway Influence on Running Capacity in Rats

by Dengbo Chen, Christian Noble Biney, Qian Wang, Mingzheng Cai, Shi Cheng, Wentao Chen, Jinrui Zhang, Junran Zhao, Yuhan Zhang and Wenzhong Zhang

Metabolites 2025, 15(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040241 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The natural differences in running capacities among rats remain poorly understood, and the mechanisms driving these differences need further investigation. Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected. High and low running capacity rats were identified using Treadmill Exhaustion Tests. [...] Read more.

Background: The natural differences in running capacities among rats remain poorly understood, and the mechanisms driving these differences need further investigation. Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected. High and low running capacity rats were identified using Treadmill Exhaustion Tests. Peripheral blood was collected for serum isolation, followed by a metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS. Data were preprocessed, and a principal component analysis (PCA) and a partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to identify metabolic profile differences. Significant metabolites were screened, and a pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using the KEGG database to determine key metabolic pathways. Forty SD rats (equal male and female) were randomly divided into an inosine triphosphate (ITP) group (24.29 mg/kg.bw daily) and a control group. Running capacity was assessed after one week of continuous treatment. Results: Three independent measurements showed consistent differences in running capacity. A total of 519 differential metabolites were identified, with 255 up-regulated and 264 down-regulated. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the Purine Metabolism pathway (ITP-ATP) in the high running capacity group (p < 0.05). The ITP-treated group exhibited a significantly higher running capacity than the controls (p < 0.05), confirming the efficacy of dietary ITP supplementation. Conclusions: The running capacity of rats is influenced by the ITP-ATP pathway, and exogenous ITP administration through dietary intervention significantly improves running ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advances in Metabolomics)

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10 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis

by Alessio Cece, Massimo Agresti, Nadia De Falco, Pasquale Sperlongano, Giancarlo Moccia, Pasquale Luongo, Francesco Miele, Alfredo Allaria, Francesco Torelli, Paola Bassi, Antonella Sciarra, Stefano Avenia, Paola Della Monica, Federica Colapietra, Marina Di Domenico, Ludovico Docimo and Domenico Parmeggiani

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072422 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The progress of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly its core algorithms—machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)—has been significant in the medical field, impacting both scientific research and clinical practice. These algorithms are now capable of analyzing ultrasound images, processing them, and providing outcomes, [...] Read more.

The progress of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly its core algorithms—machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)—has been significant in the medical field, impacting both scientific research and clinical practice. These algorithms are now capable of analyzing ultrasound images, processing them, and providing outcomes, such as determining the benignity or malignancy of thyroid nodules. This integration into ultrasound machines is referred to as computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). The use of such software extends beyond ultrasound to include cytopathological and molecular assessments, enhancing the estimation of malignancy risk. AI’s considerable potential in cancer diagnosis and prevention is evident. This article provides an overview of AI models based on ML and DL algorithms used in thyroid diagnostics. Recent studies demonstrate their effectiveness and diagnostic role in ultrasound, pathology, and molecular fields. Notable advancements include content-based image retrieval (CBIR), enhanced saliency CBIR (SE-CBIR), Restore-Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and Vision Transformers (ViTs). These new algorithms show remarkable results, indicating their potential as diagnostic and prognostic tools for thyroid pathology. The future trend points to these AI systems becoming the preferred choice for thyroid diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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16 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amygdala EFP Neurofeedback Effects on PTSD Symptom Clusters and Emotional Regulation Processes

by Nadav Goldental, Raz Gross, Daniela Amital, Eiran V. Harel, Talma Hendler, Aron Tendler, Liora Levi, Dmitri Lavro, Tal Harmelech, Shulamit Grinapol, Nitsa Nacasch and Eyal Fruchter

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072421 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifests through distinct symptom clusters that can respond differently to treatments. Neurofeedback guided by the Amygdala-derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern (Amyg-EFP-NF) has been utilized to train PTSD patients to regulate amygdala-related activity and decrease symptoms. Methods: We conducted a combined analysis of [...] Read more.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifests through distinct symptom clusters that can respond differently to treatments. Neurofeedback guided by the Amygdala-derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern (Amyg-EFP-NF) has been utilized to train PTSD patients to regulate amygdala-related activity and decrease symptoms. Methods: We conducted a combined analysis of 128 PTSD patients from three clinical trials of Amyg-EFP-NF to evaluate effects across symptom clusters (as assessed by CAPS-5 subscales) and on emotion regulation processing (evaluated by the ERQ). Results: Amyg-EFP-NF significantly reduced severity across all PTSD symptom clusters immediately post-treatment, with improvements maintained at three-month follow-up. The arousal and reactivity cluster showed continued significant improvement during follow-up. Combined effect sizes were large (η²_p = 0.23–0.35) across all symptom clusters. Regression analysis revealed that emotion regulation processes significantly explained 17% of the variance in symptom improvement during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Reduction of PTSD symptoms following Amyg-EFP-NF occurs across all symptom clusters, with emotional regulation processes potentially serving as an underlying mechanism of action. These results support Amyg-EFP-NF as a comprehensive treatment approach for PTSD that continues to show benefits after treatment completion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

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11 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nexus Between Sperm Membrane Integrity, Sperm Motility, and DNA Fragmentation

by Alfredo Góngora, Stephen Johnston, Pablo Contreras, Carmen López-Fernández and Jaime Gosálvez

Membranes 2025, 15(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040109 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and SDF (% sperm with fragmented DNA). The statistical methods included non-parametric correlation analysis and artificial intelligence (AI)-generated cluster analysis to identify patterns based on these three parameters. The results showed a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.65; p < 0.000) between sperm membrane integrity and motility, indicating that immotile sperm were more likely to exhibit membrane damage. A weak correlation (ρ = 0.21; p < 0.000) suggested that DNA damage was largely independent of the other sperm parameters. Cluster analysis identified three main clusters: Cluster 0: high levels of low membrane integrity, immotile sperm, and moderate DNA fragmentation. Cluster 1: moderate membrane integrity and motility but extremely high DNA fragmentation. Cluster 2: the lowest levels of membrane damage, immotile sperm, and DNA fragmentation, indicating overall better sperm quality. The clustering techniques demonstrated their ability to integrate multiple sperm parameters, enabling a more individualized fertility diagnosis and potentially enhancing male infertility assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)

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18 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research Management in Higher Education Institutions from Developing Countries: An Analysis for Bolivia and Paraguay

by Luis Pacheco, Fernando Oliveira Tavares, Makhabbat Ramazanova, Jorge Fuentes Ávila, Helena Albuquerque, Fátima Matos Silva, Jorge Marques, Mario Guillo, Beatriz Barrera Zuleta and Silvia Marín Guzmán

Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15040131 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Research outputs in higher education institutions (HEIs) are crucially dependent on the research management process. Departing from a SWOT analysis, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the perceptions of stakeholders (researchers, teachers, and senior research managers) regarding the main strengths [...] Read more.

Research outputs in higher education institutions (HEIs) are crucially dependent on the research management process. Departing from a SWOT analysis, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the perceptions of stakeholders (researchers, teachers, and senior research managers) regarding the main strengths and weaknesses of HEIs, as well as assess the potential opportunities and threats present in the external environment. It analyzed a total of 462 responses from seven HEIs and two ministries participating in the INNOVA project in Bolivia and Paraguay. The results from the statistical analysis indicate that the respondents tend to identify the traditional obstacles and facilitators to research development, namely, the scarcity and instability of public policies, which permeate the institutions, diminishing the consistency of internal research policies and creating difficulties in access to funding and career development opportunities. Building on the substantial progress made in recent years, the unvirtuous cycle may be halted with political stability and committed action between all the concerned parties. Full article

18 pages, 5521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scriptaid Improves Cashmere Goat Embryo Reprogramming by Affecting Donor Cell Pluripotency Molecule NANOG Expression

by Xiaoshu Zhe, Hairui Ma, Wenqi Zhang, Rui Ding, Fei Hao, Yuan Gao, Gumara Uri, Gellegen Jiri, Garangtu Jiri and Dongjun Liu

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071022 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Currently, the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is relatively low, primarily owing to reprogramming abnormalities in donor cells or reconstructed embryos. Using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to artificially alter the epigenetic modifications of donor cells and improve the reprogramming ability [...] Read more.

Currently, the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology is relatively low, primarily owing to reprogramming abnormalities in donor cells or reconstructed embryos. Using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to artificially alter the epigenetic modifications of donor cells and improve the reprogramming ability of reconstructed embryos is effective in improving nuclear transfer efficiency. In this study, we used Albas cashmere goat cells as donor cells, treated them with Scriptaid, and constructed embryos using SCNT. The results suggest that donor cell treatment with Scriptaid significantly increased the cellular histone acetylation modification level, perturbed the expression of the pluripotency molecule NANOG, altered the reprogramming ability of embryos, and increased the developmental rate of SCNT-reconstructed embryos. Scriptaid inhibited donor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and blocked the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results provide a new research direction for improving SCNT efficiency and a new perspective in the fields of regenerative medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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18 pages, 2599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Stress and Inflammatory Diseases with Serum Ferritin and Iron Concentrations in Neonatal Calves

by Marlene Sickinger, Jessica Jörling, Kathrin Büttner, Joachim Roth and Axel Wehrend

Animals 2025, 15(7), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071021 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of iron supplementation and inflammatory disease on cortisol, white blood cell (WBC) count, total protein (TP), lactate, interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), substance P (SP), hepcidin, haptoglobin, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in calves. Correlation [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of iron supplementation and inflammatory disease on cortisol, white blood cell (WBC) count, total protein (TP), lactate, interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), substance P (SP), hepcidin, haptoglobin, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in calves. Correlation analyses for the aforementioned parameters with serum iron and ferritin were performed in 40 neonatal calves over the first 10 days of life. Neither iron supplementation, disease status, nor sex had statistically significant effects on the areas under the curve of ferritin, WBC, TP, IL1β, IL6, SP, hepcidin, haptoglobin, or FRAP. However, cortisol concentrations were influenced by disease development. Cortisol concentrations were higher at birth (44.1 ± 1.95 ng/mL) than on day 2 (38.8 ± 1.87 ng/mL) (p = 0.0477), and healthy animals exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than diseased calves (p = 0.0028). Correlation analyses indicated weak positive correlations between ferritin and IL1β (p = 0.0015; ρ = 0.49) and IL6 (p = 0.0011; ρ = 0.50), respectively. The clinical significance of these findings and resulting therapeutic consequences, especially with respect to iron supplementation, should be further investigated in calves and adult cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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12 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultrafast Breast MRI: A Narrative Review

by Ottavia Battaglia, Filippo Pesapane, Silvia Penco, Giulia Signorelli, Valeria Dominelli, Luca Nicosia, Anna Carla Bozzini, Anna Rotili and Enrico Cassano

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040142 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most effective method for detecting breast cancer due to its high sensitivity. Yet multiple factors limit its widespread use, including high direct and indirect costs, a prolonged acquisition time with consequent patient discomfort, and a [...] Read more.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most effective method for detecting breast cancer due to its high sensitivity. Yet multiple factors limit its widespread use, including high direct and indirect costs, a prolonged acquisition time with consequent patient discomfort, and a lack of trained radiologists. During the last decade, new strategies have been followed to increase the availability of breast MRI, including the omission of non-essential sequences to generate abbreviated MRI protocols (AB-MRIs) aimed at reducing the acquisition time with the potential of improving the patient’s experience and accommodating a higher number of MRI examinations per day. An alternative method is ultrafast MRI (UF-MRI), a novel technique that gathers kinetic data within the first minute after contrast injection, offering high temporal resolution. This enables the analysis of early contrast wash-in curves, showing promising outcomes. In this study, we reviewed the role of UF-MRI in breast imaging and detailed how the integration of this new approach with radiomics and mathematical models might further improve diagnostic accuracy and even have a prognostic role, a fundamental characteristic in the modern scenarios of personalized medicine. In addition, possible clinical applications and advantages of UF-MRI will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Statistical and Mathematical Techniques in Personalized Medicine and Healthcare)

3 pages, 156 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Cancer: The Future Is Bright

by Matthew J. Hadfield, Benedito A. Carneiro and Liang Cheng

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040141 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The last two decades have ushered in unprecedented advancements in the treatment of cancer [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Precision Medicine: Personalized Therapy, Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine)

17 pages, 9686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Laser-Textured Dimples for Improved Tribological Performance of CoCrMo in Artificial Hip Joints

by William B. Bennett and Min Zou

Lubricants 2025, 13(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13040158 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of small dimples on the tribological properties of CoCrMo (CCM) surfaces. Laser-ablated textures with 5 µm diameter dimples were fabricated at varying aspect ratios (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) and surface densities (5%, 15%, 25%) to evaluate their effects on [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of small dimples on the tribological properties of CoCrMo (CCM) surfaces. Laser-ablated textures with 5 µm diameter dimples were fabricated at varying aspect ratios (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) and surface densities (5%, 15%, 25%) to evaluate their effects on friction and wear when paired with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) counterfaces. The results showed that small dimples significantly reduced and stabilized the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear compared to untextured CCM and larger dimples as reported in the literature. The texture configuration with a 5% surface density and 0.1 aspect ratio achieved the best combination of friction and wear performance by facilitating the formation of a stable and uniform lubricant film during sliding. These findings underscore the potential of small, precisely engineered surface textures to improve the tribological performance of CCM, offering a promising approach for reducing friction and wear in artificial hip joints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology of Textured Surfaces)

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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relaxing the Φ-Family Auxiliary Functions and Related Results

by Salvatore Sessa, Yahya Almalki, Monairah Alansari, Muhammad Usman Ali and Essam Saleh Saad Said Al-Yari

Axioms 2025, 14(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14040268 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to [...] Read more.

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to as the

Δ

-family, which simplifies the axioms in comparison to the previously defined

Φ

-family, the study unifies a few classical fixed-point theorems. The practical relevance of the theoretical findings is demonstrated by applying the results to investigate the existence of solutions for a system of integral equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)

11 pages, 1239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nationwide Seroprevalence Study for Measles in Individuals of Fertile Age in Romania

by Aurora Stanescu, Simona Maria Ruta, Mihaela Leustean, Ionel Iosif, Camelia Sultana, Anca Maria Panaitescu, Florentina Ligia Furtunescu, Costin Cernescu and Adriana Pistol

Antibodies 2025, 14(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14020032 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Romania remains endemic for measles due to suboptimal vaccine coverage rates. During the last three epidemics, the highest incidence of measles was recorded in children younger than 1 year, who should have been partially protected by maternal antibodies. A nationwide cross-sectional seroprevalence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Romania remains endemic for measles due to suboptimal vaccine coverage rates. During the last three epidemics, the highest incidence of measles was recorded in children younger than 1 year, who should have been partially protected by maternal antibodies. A nationwide cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted on persons of fertile age, to evaluate potential immunity gaps in the population. Methods: Between June and October 2020, 959 serum samples were collected from individuals aged 25–44 years (46.5% females) from all the geographic regions in Romania. Measles IgG antibodies were assessed using an enzyme-linked immune assay (DIA.PRO-Diagnostic Bioprobes Srl, Italy). Statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0, using Fisher’s exact and chi-squared tests to test for associations between seropositivity and demographic factors, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The overall measles seroprevalence was 77%, without gender- or geographic region-related differences. Both the seropositivity rate and the measles antibodies titers increased with age, with the highest difference between the oldest and the youngest age group (p = 0.057), suggesting persistent immunity after natural infection in older individuals or anamnestic responses in vaccinated persons, caused by repeated exposures to the circulating virus. An additional confirmatory pilot study on 444 pregnant women confirmed the low level of measles seroprevalence (68.4%), with a significant upward trend in older ages (75% in those aged >40 years old vs. 65% in those aged 25–29 years, p = 0.018 and mean reactivity of measles antibodies 3.05 ± 1.75 in those aged >40 years vs. 2.28 ± 1.39 in those aged 25–29 years, p = 0.037). Conclusions: This study signals critical immunity gaps in the population that contribute to the accumulation of susceptible individuals and recurrent measles outbreaks. The absence of measles antibodies in women of childbearing age increases the newborn’s susceptibility to infection, with potentially severe complications. Full article

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22 pages, 4237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates on Effector Function Characterization

by Wendy J. Walton, Shousong Jason Zhang, Joseph J. Wilson, Briana N. Harvey, Matthew Clemens and Yingmei Gu

Antibodies 2025, 14(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14020031 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Monoclonal antibodies have successfully been used for a variety of indications. Many therapeutic antibodies are IgG1 and elicit effector functions as part of their mechanism of action. It is well known that aggregate levels should be controlled for therapeutic antibodies. Although there [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Monoclonal antibodies have successfully been used for a variety of indications. Many therapeutic antibodies are IgG1 and elicit effector functions as part of their mechanism of action. It is well known that aggregate levels should be controlled for therapeutic antibodies. Although there are several reports describing the impact of antibody aggregates on FcγR binding, most of these have been performed with surface plasmon resonance in an avidity-based format. What is less well known is which Fcγ receptor is most impacted by antibody aggregation and how antibody aggregates impact binding to Fcγ receptors in solution-based formats and in cell-based assays. Methods: An effector-competent IgG1 (mAb1) was forcibly degraded and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography to enrich for aggregates. The fractions were examined for FcγR binding by SPR with different formats and in solution. The fractions were also analyzed with cell-based FcγR reporter assays. Results: All Fcγ receptors displayed increased binding to enriched mAb1 aggregates in the avidity-based SPR methods and in solution, with FcγRIIa impacted the most. When examined with an antibody-down SPR format that is not usually susceptible to avidity, FcγRIIa did not show increased binding with mAb1 aggregation. Although activity for mAb1 aggregates increased slightly in an FcγRIIa cell-based reporter assay, it decreased in the FcγRIIIa reporter assay (most likely due to differences in fucosylation from the reference standard). Conclusions: Monoclonal antibody aggregation can impact FcγR binding for avidity-based binding formats. Even at low levels of antibody aggregation, FcγRII binding increases substantially. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibody-Based Therapeutics)

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14 pages, 3491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Response of Runoff to Climate and Land-Use Changes in the Yanhe River Basin, Loess Plateau: A SWAT Model-Based Analysis

by Kun Hou, Jianhua Wang and Xiaoming Zhang

Water 2025, 17(7), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071042 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have significantly altered the underlying surface, which has profoundly affected the regional water cycle. In the context of the ongoing climate change, quantitatively identifying the factors influencing runoff changes and simulating runoff responses to various land [...] Read more.

Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have significantly altered the underlying surface, which has profoundly affected the regional water cycle. In the context of the ongoing climate change, quantitatively identifying the factors influencing runoff changes and simulating runoff responses to various land management policies are essential for achieving sustainable development in arid/semi-arid regions. Daily hydrological and meteorological data from 1981 to 2020 along with the SWAT model were employed to analyze the attribution of runoff changes in the Yanhe River basin and simulate runoff responses under different climate and land-use scenarios. The results show the following: (1) the improvement of the underlying surface conditions appeared to be the leading factor of runoff retention, with a contribution of 81.21%, while the influence of climate change on runoff was minimal; (2) woodland generally exhibited superior performance in retaining runoff compared to grassland under diverse climate conditions; (3) converting farmland on slopes between 15 and 25 degrees into woodland and farmland on slopes exceeding 25 degrees into grassland demonstrated to be a more effective approach to controlling soil erosion; (4) it is recommended that a balance between water resource utilization and the extent of afforestation should be considered concurrently in future ecological restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water and Climate Change)

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23 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence in Neoplasticism: Aesthetic Evaluation and Creative Potential

by Su Jin Mun and Won Ho Choi

Computers 2025, 14(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040130 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This research investigates the aesthetic evaluation of AI-generated neoplasticist artworks, exploring how well artificial intelligence systems, specifically Midjourney, replicate the core principles of neoplasticism, such as geometric forms, balance, and color harmony. The background of this study stems from ongoing debates about the [...] Read more.

This research investigates the aesthetic evaluation of AI-generated neoplasticist artworks, exploring how well artificial intelligence systems, specifically Midjourney, replicate the core principles of neoplasticism, such as geometric forms, balance, and color harmony. The background of this study stems from ongoing debates about the legitimacy of AI-generated art and how these systems engage with established artistic movements. The purpose of the research is to assess whether AI can produce artworks that meet aesthetic standards comparable to human-created works. The research utilized Monroe C. Beardsley’s aesthetic emotion criteria and Noël Carroll’s aesthetic experience criteria as a framework for evaluating the artworks. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify key compositional elements in AI-generated neoplasticist works. The findings revealed that AI systems excelled in areas such as unity, color diversity, and overall artistic appeal but showed limitations in handling monochromatic elements. The implications of this research suggest that while AI can produce high-quality art, further refinement is needed for more subtle aspects of design. This study contributes to understanding the potential of AI as a tool in the creative process, offering insights for both artists and AI developers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI in Its Ecosystem)

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13 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 12-Week Prospective, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Randomized Study Comparing 100 Units of Abobotulinum Toxin Type A (Dysport^®) and 33.33 Units of Neubotulinum Toxin Type A (Neuronox^®) for the Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm

by Subsai Kongsaengdao, Arkhom Arayawichanont, Kanoksri Samintharapanya, Pichai Rojanapitayakorn, Benchalak Maneeton and Narong Maneeton

Toxins 2025, 17(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040173 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS) have primarily focused on symptom relief and quality-of-life improvement. However, head-to-head comparisons of different BoNT-A formulations, particularly in terms of onset, duration of action, and efficacy, remain [...] Read more.

Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS) have primarily focused on symptom relief and quality-of-life improvement. However, head-to-head comparisons of different BoNT-A formulations, particularly in terms of onset, duration of action, and efficacy, remain limited. We conducted a 12-week prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of 33.33 units of Neubotulinum toxin A (Neu-BoNT-A) with 100 units of Abobotulinum toxin A (Abo-BoNT-A) in the treatment of HFS. A total of 87 patients were enrolled between September and December 2024. Neu-BoNT-A and Abo-BoNT-A exhibited similar onset and duration of action [5.0 ± 0.9 vs. 6.2 ± 0.7 days, respectively (p = 0.33)]. After 12 weeks of treatment, Neu-BoNT-A demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing the daily duration of HFS (2.00 ± 0.06 vs. 1.42 ± 0.10 h/day, p < 0.001) and improving sleep duration (1.37 ± 0.01 vs. 1.06 ± 0.01 h/day, p < 0.001). However, Abo-BoNT-A was associated with significantly lower absolute daily disability time compared to Neu-BoNT-A (11.4 vs. 1.2 min/day, p < 0.001). No serious adverse events were observed. Both Neu-BoNT-A and Abo-BoNT-A were safe and effective in treating HFS. However, Neu-BoNT-A was more effective in HFS with minimal symptoms without disability and Abo-BoNT-A more effective in HFS with greater duration of disability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Treatment of Movement Disorders with Botulinum Toxins)

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15 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Physical Activity, Systemic Inflammation, and Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

by Laura Petraglia, Paola Iacotucci, Lorenza Ferrillo, Serena Cabaro, Jolanda Somma, Francesca Lacava, Ilaria Amaranto, Silvia Crucito, Maria Perrotti, Pietro Formisano, Giuseppe Rengo, Dario Leosco and Vincenzo Carnovale

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071239 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the imbalance between protein synthesis and catabolism, with consequent loss of muscle mass and function. This study aims to assess the effects of amino acid supplements on functional status, muscle mass and strength, inflammation, and quality of life in adult CF patients. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 60 adult CF patients, aged 18 or older. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid supplementation or a placebo for 4 weeks. Physical function tests and self-assessment questionnaires on quality of life, global health, and sleep status, as well as blood samples to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, were performed at baseline and after the treatment period. Results: The amino acid supplementation group showed a significant improvement in self-perceived physical performance and health status. Interleukin-6 serum levels were significantly reduced in this group compared to those who received the placebo (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Amino acid supplementation in adult CF patients improves self-perception of health status and may reduce systemic inflammation, significantly decreasing serum levels of Interleukin-6. This suggests potential benefits for the overall well-being of CF patients and a reduction in their inflammatory status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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24 pages, 3782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The New CAP Theorem on Blockchain Consensus Systems

by Aristidis G. Anagnostakis and Euripidis Glavas

Future Internet 2025, 17(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040157 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

One of the most emblematic theorems in the theory of distributed databases is Eric Brewer’s CAP theorem. It stresses the tradeoffs between Consistency, Availability, and Partition and states that it is impossible to guarantee all three of them simultaneously. Inspired by this, we [...] Read more.

One of the most emblematic theorems in the theory of distributed databases is Eric Brewer’s CAP theorem. It stresses the tradeoffs between Consistency, Availability, and Partition and states that it is impossible to guarantee all three of them simultaneously. Inspired by this, we introduce the new CAP theorem for autonomous consensus systems, and we demonstrate that, at most, two of the three elementary properties, Consensus achievement (C), Autonomy (A), and entropic Performance (P) can be optimized simultaneously in the generic case. This provides a theoretical limit to Blockchain systems’ decentralization, impacting their scalability, security, and real-world adoption. To formalize and analyze this tradeoff, we utilize the IoT micro-Blockchain as a universal, minimal, consensus-enabling framework. We define a set of quantitative functions relating each of the properties to the number of event witnesses in the system. We identify the existing mutual exclusions, and formally prove for one homogenous system consideration, that (A), (C), and (P) cannot be optimized simultaneously. This suggests that a requirement for concurrent optimization of the three properties cannot be satisfied in the generic case and reveals an intrinsic limitation on the design and the optimization of distributed Blockchain consensus mechanisms. Our findings are formally proved utilizing the IoT micro-Blockchain framework and validated through the empirical data benchmarking of large-scale Blockchain systems, i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger Fabric. Full article

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23 pages, 2668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Database Security and Performance: A Case of SQL Injection Attacks Using Docker-Based Virtualisation and Its Effect on Performance

by Ade Dotun Ajasa, Hassan Chizari and Abu Alam

Future Internet 2025, 17(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17040156 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Modern database systems are critical for storing sensitive information but are increasingly targeted by cyber threats, including SQL injection (SQLi) attacks. This research proposes a robust security framework leveraging Docker-based virtualisation to enhance database security and mitigate the impact of SQLi attacks. A [...] Read more.

Modern database systems are critical for storing sensitive information but are increasingly targeted by cyber threats, including SQL injection (SQLi) attacks. This research proposes a robust security framework leveraging Docker-based virtualisation to enhance database security and mitigate the impact of SQLi attacks. A controlled experimental methodology evaluated the framework’s effectiveness using Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) and Acunetix databases. The findings reveal that Docker significantly reduces the vulnerability to SQLi attacks by isolating database instances, thereby safeguarding user data and system integrity. While Docker introduces a significant increase in CPU utilisation during high-traffic scenarios, the trade-off ensures enhanced security and reliability for real-world applications. This study highlights Docker’s potential as a practical solution for addressing evolving database security challenges in distributed and cloud environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Information Systems Security)

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26 pages, 10537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SAMNet++: A Segment Anything Model for Supervised 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation

by Mohsen Shahraki, Ahmed Elamin and Ahmed El-Rabbany

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071256 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Segmentation of 3D point clouds is essential for applications such as environmental monitoring and autonomous navigation, where making accurate distinctions between different classes from high-resolution 3D datasets is critical. Segmenting 3D point clouds often requires a trade-off between preserving spatial information and achieving [...] Read more.

Segmentation of 3D point clouds is essential for applications such as environmental monitoring and autonomous navigation, where making accurate distinctions between different classes from high-resolution 3D datasets is critical. Segmenting 3D point clouds often requires a trade-off between preserving spatial information and achieving computational efficiency. In this paper, we present SAMNet++, a hybrid 3D segmentation model that integrates segment anything model (SAM) and adopted PointNet++ in a sequential two-stage pipeline. Firstly, SAM performs an initial unsupervised segmentation, which is then refined using adopted PointNet++ to improve the accuracy. The key innovations of SAMNet++ include its hybrid architecture, which combines SAM’s generalization with PointNet++’s local feature extraction, and a feature refinement strategy that enhances precision while reducing computational overhead. Additionally, SAMNet++ minimizes the reliance on extensive supervised training, while maintaining high accuracy. The proposed model is tested on three urban datasets, which are collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The proposed SAMNet++ model demonstrates high segmentation performance, achieving accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values above 0.97 across all classes on our experimental datasets. Furthermore, its mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 86.93% on a public benchmark dataset signifies a more balanced and precise segmentation across all classes, surpassing previous state-of-the-art methods. In addition to its improved accuracy, SAMNet++ showcases remarkable computational efficiency, requiring almost half the processing time of standard PointNet++ and nearly one-sixteenth of the time needed by the original PointNet algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Scene Reconstruction, Modeling and Analysis Using Remote Sensing)

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22 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Central Pixel-Based Dual-Branch Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

by Dandan Ma, Shijie Xu, Zhiyu Jiang and Yuan Yuan

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071255 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hyperspectral image classification faces significant challenges in effectively extracting and integrating spectral-spatial features from high-dimensional data. Recent deep learning (DL) methods combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated exceptional performance. However, two critical challenges may cause degradation in the [...] Read more.

Hyperspectral image classification faces significant challenges in effectively extracting and integrating spectral-spatial features from high-dimensional data. Recent deep learning (DL) methods combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated exceptional performance. However, two critical challenges may cause degradation in the classification accuracy of these methods: interference from irrelevant information within the observed region, and the potential loss of useful information due to local spectral variability within the same class. To address these issues, we propose a central pixel-based dual-branch network (CPDB-Net) that synergistically integrates CNN and ViT for robust feature extraction. Specifically, the central spectral feature extraction branch based on CNN serves as a strong prior to reinforce the importance of central pixel features in classification. Additionally, the spatial branch based on ViT incorporates a novel frequency-aware HiLo attention, which can effectively separate high and low frequencies, alleviating the problem of local spectral variability and enhancing the ability to extract global features. Extensive experiments on widely used HSI datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method. Our CPDB-Net achieves the highest overall accuracies of 92.67%, 97.48%, and 95.02% on the Indian Pines, Pavia University, and Houston 2013 datasets, respectively, outperforming recent representative methods and confirming its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Scene Reconstruction, Modeling and Analysis Using Remote Sensing)

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28 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Measurement and Trend Analysis of the Hydrogen Energy Industry Chain in China

by Pengcheng Zhang, Boliang Lu, Yijie Qu, Haslindar Ibrahim and Hao Ding

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073140 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hydrogen energy, characterized by its abundant resources, green and low-carbon attributes, and wide-ranging applications, is a critical energy source for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The operational efficiency of the hydrogen energy industrial chain is pivotal in determining the security of [...] Read more.

Hydrogen energy, characterized by its abundant resources, green and low-carbon attributes, and wide-ranging applications, is a critical energy source for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The operational efficiency of the hydrogen energy industrial chain is pivotal in determining the security of its supply chain and its contribution to China’s energy transition. This study investigates the efficiency of China’s hydrogen energy industrial chain by selecting 30 listed companies primarily engaged in hydrogen energy as the research sample. A three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is applied to assess the industry’s comprehensive technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency. Additionally, kernel density estimation is utilized to analyze efficiency trends over time. Key factors influencing efficiency are identified, and targeted recommendations are provided to enhance the performance and sustainability of the hydrogen energy industrial chain. These findings offer valuable insights to support the development and resilience of China’s hydrogen energy industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economics and Environmental Sustainability: The Development of Green Industry)

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13 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Effects of a Novel Psychosocial Climate Resilience Course on Climate Distress, Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health in Young Adults

by Elissa Epel, Jyoti Mishra, Eve Ekman, Coryna Ogunseitan, Elena Fromer, Lucy Kho, Jillian Grialou and Philippe Goldin

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073139 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The sustainability of ecosystems and human flourishing depends on the well-being of younger generations who are most at risk. Increasing youth climate distress is an important public and mental health issue. Training in resilience skills and climate advocacy may reduce climate distress [...] Read more.

Background: The sustainability of ecosystems and human flourishing depends on the well-being of younger generations who are most at risk. Increasing youth climate distress is an important public and mental health issue. Training in resilience skills and climate advocacy may reduce climate distress and may be accomplished in educational settings, and we aimed to test the efficacy of such training in a university setting. Methods: We developed and implemented a 10-week climate resilience (CR) course for students on eight university campuses that included lectures by experts on varying aspects of the climate crisis, discussion, guided resilience practices, and group climate projects. We administered surveys at baseline, immediately and 4 months post course completion to assess primary outcomes (mental health symptoms, climate distress, and climate self-efficacy). Results from qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants are provided to compliment the quantitative results. Results: From baseline to immediately post course completion in 150 of 190 (79%) assessment responders, students showed significantly reduced climate distress, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and enhanced climate self-efficacy. Course-related reductions in climate distress were associated with (a) lower depressive symptoms and (b) greater coping with climate emotions. Secondary outcomes showed increases in actions taken to combat climate change, community belonging, altruism for climate causes, and decreases in climate-related loneliness. At 5 months post course, improvements were sustained for primary outcomes (climate distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and three of four facets of climate self-efficacy). Conclusions: Our CR course yielded improvements in mental health and confidence to collectively contribute to climate change solutions with evidence of longer-term maintenance. The next challenge is to replicate the findings and disseminate the CR course effectively across educational settings. This will help to promote the engagement of the youth in climate solutions and help to promote the sustainability of ecosystems, importantly, while nurturing personal resilience. Full article

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18 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Leisure, Intergenerational Learning and Grandparents’ Level of Education

by José Manuel Martínez, Rosa Ana Alonso, Mª Ángeles Valdemoros and Cristina Medrano

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073138 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sustainable leisure, shared among grandparents and grandchildren, provides multiple benefits, as it enhances contexts and bonds that foster personal, familiar, social and emotional development. In addition to this, it directly contributes to the achievement of the sustainable development goals, established in Agenda 2030. [...] Read more.

Sustainable leisure, shared among grandparents and grandchildren, provides multiple benefits, as it enhances contexts and bonds that foster personal, familiar, social and emotional development. In addition to this, it directly contributes to the achievement of the sustainable development goals, established in Agenda 2030. The objective was to examine, from the grandparents’ perspective, and taking into account their educational level, the links that exist among co-learning processes and the practice of sustainable intergenerational leisure and its evolution throughout the pandemic era. This project sought to combine quantitative (N = 350) and qualitative (N = 18) methodologies, using an ad hoc questionnaire and a discussion group, in different moments, before and after the pandemic. The SPSS 23.0 statistical program was used for quantitative analysis and the NVivo Release 1.6 software for the qualitative study. The results show that intergenerational co-learning is a motive and a relevant stimulus that encourages both generations to share these experiences in natural spaces, which brings them together and facilitates lifelong learning. It has been proven that, before the lockdown, sustainable leisure practices showed significant differences depending on the level of education of the older generation. This had an impact on participation in activities associated with different types of leisure, with a tendency to increase the practice as the level of education rises. Nevertheless, after the pandemic, a greater reduction has been observed in the practice of shared leisure activities among those with a higher educational level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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